Oct 18, 2015 ph meter design and working principle 1. In order to have accurate results it is important to understand the tool you are working with. It consumes a small amount of power, typically around 2 watts. The operations of this useful laboratory instrument is based on the familiar. Fundamental principles of diaphragm meters robert bennett american meter company introduction the first gas company in the u. In other words when a liquid inside an enclosure made of glass is placed inside a solution other than that liquid, there exists an electrochemical potential between the two liquids.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of usual energy meters. When there is mass flow, there is some twisting of the tubes. Please use one of the following formats to cite this article in your essay, paper or report. A ph meter is used to determine the acidity or alkalinity of the solution. A typical multimeter may include features such as the ability to measure. Measuring lighting or the illumination of an environment requires the use of an incident lux meter or footcandlemeter a lux meter is a device for measuring brightness. Measuring this current allows the device to calculate the lux value of the light it captured. By using these three phase meters, it is also possible to measure high voltages and.
A ph meter provides a value as to how acidic or alkaline a liquid is. The light that falls on to the photocell or sensor contains energy that is converted to electric current. Measuring principle kem manufactures digital density meters based on the oscillating utube technique. Coriolis principle for simultaneous determintation of mass, density and temperature triomass trumass general the flow rate of all liquids, slurries and sludges as well as oils, fats, dyes, suspensions, chocolate, butter, bases, tenside, two phase fluids etc. The number of revolutions is thus proportional to the energy usage. What is lcr meter as we know l stands for inductance, c stands for capacitance and r stands for resistance. A lux meter is a device for measuring brightness, specifically, the intensity with which the brightness appears to the human eye. Principles and how to use illuminomitor or light meters hioki. Also explain the factors that cause errors during a q factor measurement. Here we discuss the construction and working principle of induction type energy meter. Pressure drop devices based on bernoulli principle a venturi b orifice plate c pitot tube 2. They have a high turndown ratio and high accuracy turbine. The main principle of voltmeter is that it must be connected in parallel in which we want to measure the voltage. Jul 25, 2018 energy meters are the basic part to measure the power consumption.
Measurement of velocity by currentmeter with diagram. The electromechanical induction meter operates by counting the revolutions of an aluminium disc which is made to rotate at a speed proportional to the power. Lcr meters are measuring instruments that measure a physical property known as impedance. Swirl flow meters working principle swirl flow meters combine the advantages of turbine and vortex flow meter technologies.
When the meter is lowered in water and when it faces the current of water in the channel the wheel rotates. Ampere is the unit of current so an ammeter is a meter or an instrument which measures current. In particular, conventional current flows into the positive terminal for an upscale meter deflection as shown in above figure. The purpose of the animations is to illustrate the operating principle, and to. Based on the flow of current, the ferriwheel rotates which makes rotation of other wheels. This paper presents a single phase electrical energy meter based on a microcontroller from microchip technology inc. The lux light meters calculation of illuminance is done by using the point source process.
Working principle of a transformer the basic principle on which the transformer works is faradays law of electromagnetic induction or mutual induction between the two coils. Thermal mass flow measurement this thesis presents a comprehensive static model for a capillary type thermal mass flow sensor for gases using such a sensor, a meter is constructed which measures gas mass flow by means of a bypass arrangement which ensures a constant flow ratio between the sensor and the meters mam flow element. It has a digital meter and a monitor that displays the exact values. It belongs to a class of meters called variable area meters, which measure flow rate by allowing the crosssectional area the fluid travels through, to vary, causing a measurable effect. Rotameter working principle animation instrumentationtools. The differential pressure flow measuring principle pitot tube duration. One lux equals one lumen of light spread across a surface one square meter. The sensor signal is fed into the integrally mounted pcboard. Swirl flow meters working principle instrumentationtools. The torque of both the elements is added mechanically, and the total rotation of the shaft is proportional to the three phase energy consumption. It has a rotating aluminium wheel called ferriwheel and many toothed wheels. What is the solution for the drawbacks of commonly used energy meters. So, electronic type of threephase energy meter is explained below with its working principle.
So it is a measuring instrument which measures the potential difference between the two points working principle of voltmeter. Impedance, which is expressed using the quantifier z, indicates resistance to the flow of an ac current. May 15, 2018 before we introduce various types of power factor meters it is very essential to understand what are the needs of power factor meter. Megohmmeter working principle megger working principle. Qmeter we know that every inductor coil has a certain amount of resistance and the coil should have lowest possible resistance. It can be calculated from the current i flowing to the measurement target and the voltage v across the targets terminals. The basic principle of the ph meter is to measure the concentration of hydrogen ions. The porosity of the glass membrane decreases with the continuous. It works on the basic principle of bernoullis equation. The national optical astronomy observatorys dark skies and. This page describes lcr meter working principle and mentions lcr meter types and its measurements. The energy is the total power consumed and utilised by the load at a particular interval of time. A lux meter for measuring illuminances in work places.
Aug 10, 2010 an electric meter or energy meter is a device that measures the amount of electrical energy supplied to or produced by a residence, business or machine. Voltmeter working principle if an ammeter is of dc type, then it has polarity signs on it for ensuring appropriate connection for an upscale indication. A q meter is a piece of equipment used in the testing of radio frequency circuits. Lux meters, sometimes called light meters, measure the intensity of illumination as distinguished by the human eye. Lcr meter working principle lcr meter types,measurements. The venturi meter is invented by an american engineer clemans herchel 18411932 and named him after italian giovanni venturi 18421932. Together, they form a magnetic core during measurements. Electrical energy meters principles and applications energy management. How does a clamp meter work, how does a dc clampmeter work.
Popularly, when receiving a pulse signal, the stepper motor will rotate a fixed angle namelystepping angle according to the direction set for the stepper motor. In turn, the amount of current depends on the light that strokes the photocell or light sensor. Digital mass flow meterscontrollers of the bronkhorst r massstream tmseries d6300 work on the basis of direct throughflow measurement, following the constant temperature anemometer principle. Development of the pressurized metereddose inhaler component parts of the pmdi container propellants drug formulation metering valve actuator designing pmdi products advantages and limitations of the pmdi breathactuated pmdis autohaler easibreathe khaler md turbo.
In principle the working of the two types is based on the same theory and can be outlined as mentioned below. It mentions lcr meter advantages and lcr meter manufacturers or vendors. The newly released sinometer luxmeter lx30b is a luxmeter with wide measuring range and lots of nice features. Megohmmeter definition megger working principle megger working principle megohmmeter circuit diagram the megohmmeter or megger is an instrument for measuring very high resistances, such as the insulation resistance of electrical cables. Stepper motor is an actuator transforming electric pulse into angular displacement. Scribd is the worlds largest social reading and publishing site. The main principle of ammeter is that it must have a very low resistance and also inductive reactance. The ratio of the inductive reactance to the effective resistance of the coil is called the quality factor or qfactor of the coil. Working principle of voltmeter and types of voltmeter.
Lcr meters and impedance analyzers measurement principles. The three phase energy meter has two discs mounted on the common shaft. Often these are different devices attached with a cable, as shown in figure 1 for a meter and probe sold by american marine pinpoint brand. The eigenfrequency of the oscillation of the utube is influenced by the mass and therefore by the density of the sample. If an ammeter is of dc type, then it has polarity signs on it for ensuring appropriate connection for an upscale indication. The meter which is used for measuring the energy utilises by the electric load is known as the energy meter. The electronic type megger is shown in the figure below. It is used everywhere, no matter how big or small consumption it is. A second terminal block between the current transformer and the meter simplifies service work. Clamp meters using current transformer for ac measurement current transformer clamp meters are equipped with rigid jaws of made of ferrite iron.
Clamp meters working principle instrumentation tools. For example, for an ordinary mediumsized work area of less than 50m2 where the lighting is at a height of around 2. The conventional mechanical energy meter is based on the phenomenon of magnetic induction. A luxmeter is used for checking the level of luminance, or the light falling on a surface. For larger loads, more than about 200 amps of load, current transformers are used, so that the meter can be located other than in line with the service conductors 2.
It specifically measures the intensity with which the brightness. It is used in domestic and industrial ac circuit for measuring the power consumption. Ammeter working principle and types of ammeter electrical4u. The electronic energy meter is also better protected against tampering than its mechanical predecessor, and units for prepaid operation e. A device used to measure the pressure at any point in a fluid, manometers are also used to measure the pressure of gas and air. The magnitude and direction of this force depend upon. Portable ultrasonic flow meters installation requirements.
Robust mass flow meter controller robust mass flow meter controller series d6300. The transformer consists of two separate windings placed over. Under the alternating current effect, the electromagnetic coils mounted on the measuring tube will make two parallel measuring tubes vibrating at a certain fixed frequency. These electronic meters use micro controllers with their own programming language. Principles of metereddose inhaler design stephen p newman phd introduction.
The overall working principle of ph sensor and ph meter depends upon the exchange of ions from sample solution to the inner solution ph 7 buffer of glass electrode through the glass membrane. The function of recording or registering mechanism is to record continuously a number on the dial which is proportional to the revolutions made by the moving system. It has been largely replaced in professional laboratories by other types of impedance measuring device, though it is still in use among radio amateurs. How a ph meter works a ph meter is actually quite a complicated device. In other words, it properly gauges the intensity at which brightness appears to the human eye. This measuring principle is less sensitive to humidity or dirt, compared to thermal mass flow meters controllers with a bypass construction.
Electrical energy meters principles and applications. Introduction to digital tachometer circuit working with. The working principle, types, and applications of a. Coriolis flowmeter principle of operation the coriolis mass flowmeter is a multivariable device by design. Venturimeter principle, construction and working with. A rotameter is a device that measures the flow rate of liquid or gas in a closed tube rotameter. A rotameter is a device that measures the flow rate of liquid or gas in a closed tube. The meter then converts this light to an electrical current. The meter is provided with a field to which entries can be made for this purpose ct or vt factor. The lux light meter s calculation of illuminance is done by using the point source process. Thermal mass flow meters work by measuring the amount of heat transfer a gas. Coriolis mass flow meters for liquid and gas measurement. Power factor meters electrodynamometer type power factor meter.
This value does not correlate to an objective value of energy radiated or reflected, as different wavelengths within the visible spectrum are perceived with varying sensitivity by the. It is used in photometry as a measure of the intensity of light, with wavelengths weighted according to the luminosity function, a standardized model of human brightness perception. Pdf a single phase microcontroller based energy meter. The jaws are individually wrapped by coils of copper wire. Megger working principle is based on the working principle of moving coil instruments, which states that when a current carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field, a mechanical force is experienced by it.
It states that in a steady, ideal flow of an incompressible fluid, the total energy at any point of the fluid is constant. The working of venturimeter is based on the principle of bernoullis equation. In addition to this, a sensor is placed near the reflective strip for instance, an aluminum foil that is fixed on to the rotating surface. Ammeter means ampere meter which measures ampere value. It directly measures the mass of the flowing fluid, liquids and gases.
Trivector meter is an energy meter which accurately measures all the parameters of supply such as voltage, current, power factor, active load, reactive load, apparent load etc. The sample to be measured is filled into a ushaped tube which is induced to vibrate. Lux meter working principle most of the lux meters consist of a body, photocell or light sensor, and display. Now the lcr meter is used to measure the voltage and the current across the dut.
Ammeter definition and working principle electrical. Since the instruments memory function lets it store measured values, theres no need to take notes by hand in the field. When used in electricity retailing, the utilities record the values measured by these meters to generate an invoice for the electricity. May 10, 2016 a lux meter is an equipment that measures brightness of falling on an object at a particular area. The national optical astronomy observatorys dark skies and energy education program luxmeter instructions introduction. An induc tor is connected to the q meter coil terminals and resonated at the mea surement frequency, the q and tuning capacitance, q and c1, are read, the sample foils are then connected tothe q meter cap terminals ai. Inductance and capacitance measurements c voltage source r ac amplifier ac voltmeter 22 2 2 1 2 in in c rv rv aa rx r. Lcr meter working principle and uses science struck. The total energy consists of pressure energy, kinetic energy and. Digital tachometer circuit using 8051 this circuit uses various components, such as a microcontroller, phototransistors, opamps, seven segments led display, and other miscellaneous components. A multimeter ora multitester, also known as a voltohm meter or vom is, an.
A lux meter works by using a photo cell to capture light. Introduces how to use hiokis ft3424 lux meter, from zeroadjustment and the hold function to making measurements. Types of energy meters and their working principles elprocus. When connected to loads, they consume less power and start measuring instantaneous. This is different than measurements of the actual light energy produced by or reflected from an object or light source. Lux meters light meters information engineering360. Working principle of a q meter, electrical engineering. In doing so, the work area should first be divided into a number of equal small areas which should be as nearly square as possible. The meters fall into two basic categories, electromechanical and electronic. As in the block diagram, the meter has a power supply, a metering engine, a processing and communication engine i.
Digital mass flow meters controllers of the bronkhorst r massstream tmseries d6300 work on the basis of direct throughflow measurement, following the constant temperature anemometer principle. The magnitude of the impedance can be calculated from the ratio of these two quantities. Human errors can be eliminated by electronic type compared with a handdriven type. It was developed at boonton radio corporation in boonton, new jersey in 1934 by william d. Ordinary clampmeters used to measure ac currents work on the principle of electromagnetic induction caused by the alternating current flowing in the conductor which reverses direction causing a dynamically changing magnetic field. Why we do not directly calculate power factor in an ac circuit just by dividing the power with product of current and voltage because these readings can. This electronic meter does not possess any rotating parts, and the.
We pass an ac voltage through a dut device under test. The arm through which fluid flows away from the axis of rotation. Principle of mass flow meter a mass flow meter operating on the coriolis principle contains a vibrating tube in which a fluid flow causes changes in frequency, phase shift or amplitude. This meter is able to perform current, voltage and power measurements in three phase supply systems. Venturi meter is a device or component which is used for measuring the rate of flow of liquid through pipes. The megger insulation tester is an instrument used for measuring high resistances of the order of mega ohms and for testing the insulation resistance megger working principle. Working principle of ph sensor electrode and ph meter used in quality control and manufacturing area. Their basic operation is like that of a transformer. The current meter with conical cups is more popular because of its accuracy and efficient working. Symbol of power meter the traditional analog wattmeter is an electrodynamics instrument. Electronic energy meters are accurate, precise and reliable type of measuring instruments when compared to electromechanical induction type meters.
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